GPRS is a service which provides TDMA+FDMA access in radio access part but switching side it provide packet access.
GPRS designed in GSM900 & GSM1800 band.
GPRS is a service which enable to Internet access, Picture messaging.
Theoretical speed is 53kbps in GPRS but practically it will be around 30 kbps because it depend upon your mobile class & coding technique As well as time when are you accessing service.
If it is midnight then it may be possible that you will get speed of 53 kbps because traffic load will be less at that time.
Channel bandwidth is 200 kHz in GPRS.
If so many subscribers is trying to access Internet via GPRS then every subscriber will get different speed & quality of reception & transmission will be not guaranteed.
In GPRS network authentication will perform by network only.
2G mobile can not be used over 3G network
GPRS feature governed under ITU recommendation.
3rd Generation (3G):
3G is new technology named as WCDMA.
WCDMA is implementing over existing 2G architecture not by replacing.
It is new technology not up gradation of GSM architecture.
It support CDMA + FDMA access in radio part while in core network it support packet switching & circuit switching both.
It supports MMS, internet browsing, Video conferencing etc.
Theoretical speed is 2 Mbps while practical speed is around 1.3 Mbps.
Channel bandwidth is 5 Mhz for every subscriber.
Quality of service is guaranteed.
If you get connected with 3G network then quality of service will be guaranteed until unless call get drop.
Authentication will be performing by mobile phone as well as network.
11-2G mobile phone can not be used over 3G network but 3G network can be use over 2G networks. But 2G mobile subscriber can make call to 3G & 2G can make call to 3G.
12- 3G feature governed under 3GPP recommendation.
CDMA 2000 is already satisfying 3G feature but operators are not using because it is not economical due to expensive phone & less number of data subscriber.
WCDMA technology will also use code division multiple access but over GSM architecture & WCDMA will use different type of coding technique not same as in CDMA 2000.
CDMA & GSM both are good technology but comparatively GSM is more economical for VOICE service & CDMA techniques are more economical for data (Picture, Internet, and MMS) service.
In Indian cellular communication scenario, the term MNP is becoming more popular. Sticking to Herbert Spencer’s theory on “Survival of the fittest”, the mobile operators will be forced to follow this theory in serving the customers. Either they have to satisfy their customers with the service or lose them to their competitors without any problem to the customers. It could also be termed as, a customer having the option of switching service providers without changing the mobile number.
With current scenario, if a customer is dissatisfied on the service by mobile operator either he has to reluctantly accept the service or switch to another service provider that he wishes. In the later case, he has to drop his identity, the mobile number. In most cases when the mobile number is used for all business and family correspondence, it becomes generally impossible to leave the number. To overcome these hardships, the concept of MNP (Mobile Number Portability) was introduced.
History:
The first implementation of MNP starts in late 1990s with Singapore implementing the MNP (limited) functionality in 1997 followed by Hong Kong in 1999, Spain in 2000, Australia in 2001 and list continues to grow.
Basic glossary and terms used in MNP:
Ported out – If a subscriber moves to new service provider, for the old service provider, he is a “ported out” subscriber.
Ported in - If a subscriber moves to new service provider, for the new service provider, he is a “ported in” subscriber.
Donor – The service provider left by the subscriber is termed as “donor”
Recipient – The service provider joined by the subscriber is termed as “recipient”
CDB – Central Database
ACQ – All Call Query
NPDP-Number portability database
Implementataion in India:
DoT has issued mobile number portability details and the first phase will be rolled out in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai by end of 2010. From a consumer standpoint, the entire process of porting a number should not take more than two (2) working days, with a two (2) hour break in service Rs 300 will be charged. More than 90% of Indian mobile users are on prepaid connections and do not have number loyalty (~churn rate of 4% on monthly basis) Operators will add a lot more nuances (for instance, time bound etc) to ensure that switching cost/experience is fairly high (as ARPU is sliding). The service providers are not keen on its introduction as that would require a substantial investment in upgrades to the routing and the billing mechanisms. The cumulative losses for the Indian GSM mobile players would be around Rs 8,000 crore and increased investments could mean more bad debt.
Clearing House:
The Centralized Clearinghouse is a message processing system through which service providers communicate using the same set of rules for handling porting requests and exchanging information required for porting numbers. This centralized clearing house will be managed by third party to avoid conflict of interest.The Number Portability Database will have the mobile numbers of all mobile users. All mobile service providers will then link their networks with that of the MCHAs (Mobile Number Portability Clearing House Administrator) and NPDB (National Portability Database).
Role of Clearing House:
National Number Portability Clearing House a regulatory body responsible for managing port-in/out numbers across the operators in India. It maintains a database with Port-In/Out information across the country / operators. It also maintains historical trail of porting for audit trail. This database is pushed / pulled into ‘Reference Database’ also called ‘Routing Database’ which will assist network elements (MSC) to direct each call to their respective telecom operator (servicing that number).
MNP Process:
Subscriber contacts new operators and asks his number to be ported New operator submits number port request to clearing house New operator will charge 75-200 rupees porting charge. The clearing house informs the old operator Clearing house informs all operators that the number is ported Number Portability Database will have all mobile numbers.
Mobile Number Portability Clearing House Administrator (MCHA) in India:
Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has chosen two providers –Syniverse Technologies and Telcordia Technologies for the implementing MNP.
Both the companies will provide solutions for 11 circles each of the total 22 circles in the country.
Syniverse:-North & West.
Telcordia:-South & East.
Conclusion of Call Routing:
The Direct routing solution / All Call Query is perceived as a long-term solution for number portability whereas Call Forwarding solution was adopted initially when the estimated number of porting are less.
The key advantage of Direct Routing (or All Call Query) is that it does not increase network congestion between originating operator and the donor operator as the ported calls are directly routed to recipient network. This method eliminates dependence on the donor network operator, thereby providing the ability to maintain portability in the event of donor network operator’s failure or exit from business. Therefore, direct routing is considered as more optimized with more efficient call routing.
